java.time.ZoneId

All Implemented Interfaces:: Serializable

Direct Known Subclasses:: ZoneOffset

public abstract sealed class ZoneId extends Object implements Serializable permits ZoneOffset (not exhaustive)

A time-zone ID, such as Europe/Paris.

A ZoneId is used to identify the rules used to convert between an Instant and a LocalDateTime. There are two distinct types of ID:

Fixed offsets - a fully resolved offset from UTC/Greenwich, that uses the same offset for all local date-times
Geographical regions - an area where a specific set of rules for finding the offset from UTC/Greenwich apply

Most fixed offsets are represented by ZoneOffset. Calling normalized() on any ZoneId will ensure that a fixed offset ID will be represented as a ZoneOffset.

The actual rules, describing when and how the offset changes, are defined by ZoneRules. This class is simply an ID used to obtain the underlying rules. This approach is taken because rules are defined by governments and change frequently, whereas the ID is stable.

The distinction has other effects. Serializing the ZoneId will only send the ID, whereas serializing the rules sends the entire data set. Similarly, a comparison of two IDs only examines the ID, whereas a comparison of two rules examines the entire data set.

Time-zone IDs

The ID is unique within the system. There are three types of ID.

The simplest type of ID is that from ZoneOffset. This consists of 'Z' and IDs starting with '+' or '-'.

The next type of ID are offset-style IDs with some form of prefix, such as 'GMT+2' or 'UTC+01:00'. The recognised prefixes are 'UTC', 'GMT' and 'UT'. The offset is the suffix and will be normalized during creation. These IDs can be normalized to a ZoneOffset using normalized().

The third type of ID are region-based IDs. A region-based ID must be of two or more characters, and not start with 'UTC', 'GMT', 'UT' '+' or '-'. Region-based IDs are defined by configuration, see ZoneRulesProvider. The configuration focuses on providing the lookup from the ID to the underlying ZoneRules.

Time-zone rules are defined by governments and change frequently. There are a number of organizations, known here as groups, that monitor time-zone changes and collate them. The default group is the IANA Time Zone Database (TZDB). Other organizations include IATA (the airline industry body) and Microsoft.

Each group defines its own format for the region ID it provides. The TZDB group defines IDs such as 'Europe/London' or 'America/New_York'. TZDB IDs take precedence over other groups.

It is strongly recommended that the group name is included in all IDs supplied by groups other than TZDB to avoid conflicts. For example, IATA airline time-zone region IDs are typically the same as the three letter airport code. However, the airport of Utrecht has the code 'UTC', which is obviously a conflict. The recommended format for region IDs from groups other than TZDB is 'group~region'. Thus if IATA data were defined, Utrecht airport would be 'IATA~UTC'.

Serialization

This class can be serialized and stores the string zone ID in the external form. The ZoneOffset subclass uses a dedicated format that only stores the offset from UTC/Greenwich.

A ZoneId can be deserialized in a Java Runtime where the ID is unknown. For example, if a server-side Java Runtime has been updated with a new zone ID, but the client-side Java Runtime has not been updated. In this case, the ZoneId object will exist, and can be queried using getId, equals, hashCode, toString, getDisplayName and normalized. However, any call to getRules will fail with ZoneRulesException. This approach is designed to allow a ZonedDateTime to be loaded and queried, but not modified, on a Java Runtime with incomplete time-zone information.

This is a value-based class; programmers should treat instances that are equal as interchangeable and should not use instances for synchronization, or unpredictable behavior may occur. For example, in a future release, synchronization may fail. The equals method should be used for comparisons.

Implementation Requirements:

This abstract sealed class permits two implementations, both of which are immutable and thread-safe. One implementation models region-based IDs, the other is ZoneOffset modelling offset-based IDs. This difference is visible in serialization.

Sealed Class Hierarchy Graph:

Since:

1.8

See Also:

Field Summary

Fields

Modifier and Type

Field

Description

static final Map<String,String>

SHORT_IDS

A map of zone overrides to enable the short time-zone names to be used.
Method Summary

Modifier and Type

Method

Description

boolean

equals(Object obj)

Checks if this time-zone ID is equal to another time-zone ID.

static ZoneId

from(TemporalAccessor temporal)

Obtains an instance of ZoneId from a temporal object.

static Set<String>

getAvailableZoneIds()

Gets the set of available zone IDs.

String

getDisplayName(TextStyle style, Locale locale)

Gets the textual representation of the zone, such as 'British Time' or '+02:00'.

abstract String

getId()

Gets the unique time-zone ID.

abstract ZoneRules

getRules()

Gets the time-zone rules for this ID allowing calculations to be performed.

int

hashCode()

A hash code for this time-zone ID.

ZoneId

normalized()

Normalizes the time-zone ID, returning a ZoneOffset where possible.

static ZoneId

of(String zoneId)

Obtains an instance of ZoneId from an ID ensuring that the ID is valid and available for use.

static ZoneId

of(String zoneId, Map<String,String> aliasMap)

Obtains an instance of ZoneId using its ID using a map of aliases to supplement the standard zone IDs.

static ZoneId

ofOffset(String prefix, ZoneOffset offset)

Obtains an instance of ZoneId wrapping an offset.

static ZoneId

systemDefault()

Gets the system default time-zone.

String

toString()

Outputs this zone as a String, using the ID.

Methods declared in class java.lang.Object
clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Field Details
- SHORT_IDS
  public static final Map<String,String> SHORT_IDS
  
  A map of zone overrides to enable the short time-zone names to be used.
  Use of short zone IDs has been deprecated in java.util.TimeZone. This map allows the IDs to continue to be used via the of(String, Map) factory method.
  This map contains a mapping of the IDs that is in line with TZDB 2005r and later, where 'EST', 'MST' and 'HST' map to IDs which do not include daylight savings.
  This maps as follows:
  
  EST - -05:00
  
  HST - -10:00
  
  MST - -07:00
  
  ACT - Australia/Darwin
  
  AET - Australia/Sydney
  
  AGT - America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires
  
  ART - Africa/Cairo
  
  AST - America/Anchorage
  
  BET - America/Sao_Paulo
  
  BST - Asia/Dhaka
  
  CAT - Africa/Harare
  
  CNT - America/St_Johns
  
  CST - America/Chicago
  
  CTT - Asia/Shanghai
  
  EAT - Africa/Addis_Ababa
  
  ECT - Europe/Paris
  
  IET - America/Indiana/Indianapolis
  
  IST - Asia/Kolkata
  
  JST - Asia/Tokyo
  
  MIT - Pacific/Apia
  
  NET - Asia/Yerevan
  
  NST - Pacific/Auckland
  
  PLT - Asia/Karachi
  
  PNT - America/Phoenix
  
  PRT - America/Puerto_Rico
  
  PST - America/Los_Angeles
  
  SST - Pacific/Guadalcanal
  
  VST - Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh
  
  The map is unmodifiable.
Method Details
- systemDefault
  
  public static ZoneId systemDefault()
  
  Gets the system default time-zone.
  This queries TimeZone.getDefault() to find the default time-zone and converts it to a ZoneId. If the system default time-zone is changed, then the result of this method will also change.
  
  Returns:
  
  the zone ID, not null
  
  Throws:
  
  DateTimeException - if the converted zone ID has an invalid format
  
  ZoneRulesException - if the converted zone region ID cannot be found
- getAvailableZoneIds
  
  public static Set<String> getAvailableZoneIds()
  
  Gets the set of available zone IDs.
  This set includes the string form of all available region-based IDs. Offset-based zone IDs are not included in the returned set. The ID can be passed to of(String) to create a ZoneId.
  The set of zone IDs can increase over time, although in a typical application the set of IDs is fixed. Each call to this method is thread-safe.
  
  Returns:
  
  a modifiable copy of the set of zone IDs, not null
- of
  
  public static ZoneId of(String zoneId, Map<String,String> aliasMap)
  
  Obtains an instance of ZoneId using its ID using a map of aliases to supplement the standard zone IDs.
  Many users of time-zones use short abbreviations, such as PST for 'Pacific Standard Time' and PDT for 'Pacific Daylight Time'. These abbreviations are not unique, and so cannot be used as IDs. This method allows a map of string to time-zone to be setup and reused within an application.
  
  Parameters:
  
  zoneId - the time-zone ID, not null
  
  aliasMap - a map of alias zone IDs (typically abbreviations) to real zone IDs, not null
  
  Returns:
  
  the zone ID, not null
  
  Throws:
  
  DateTimeException - if the zone ID has an invalid format
  
  ZoneRulesException - if the zone ID is a region ID that cannot be found
- of
  public static ZoneId of(String zoneId)
  
  Obtains an instance of ZoneId from an ID ensuring that the ID is valid and available for use.
  This method parses the ID producing a ZoneId or ZoneOffset. A ZoneOffset is returned if the ID is 'Z', or starts with '+' or '-'. The result will always be a valid ID for which ZoneRules can be obtained.
  Parsing matches the zone ID step by step as follows.
  
  If the zone ID equals 'Z', the result is ZoneOffset.UTC.
  If the zone ID consists of a single letter, the zone ID is invalid and DateTimeException is thrown.
  If the zone ID starts with '+' or '-', the ID is parsed as a ZoneOffset using ZoneOffset.of(String).
  If the zone ID equals 'GMT', 'UTC' or 'UT' then the result is a ZoneId with the same ID and rules equivalent to ZoneOffset.UTC.
  If the zone ID starts with 'UTC+', 'UTC-', 'GMT+', 'GMT-', 'UT+' or 'UT-' then the ID is a prefixed offset-based ID. The ID is split in two, with a two or three letter prefix and a suffix starting with the sign. The suffix is parsed as a ZoneOffset. The result will be a ZoneId with the specified UTC/GMT/UT prefix and the normalized offset ID as per ZoneOffset.getId(). The rules of the returned ZoneId will be equivalent to the parsed ZoneOffset.
  All other IDs are parsed as region-based zone IDs. Region IDs must match the regular expression [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9~/._+-]+ otherwise a DateTimeException is thrown. If the zone ID is not in the configured set of IDs, ZoneRulesException is thrown. The detailed format of the region ID depends on the group supplying the data. The default set of data is supplied by the IANA Time Zone Database (TZDB). This has region IDs of the form '{area}/{city}', such as 'Europe/Paris' or 'America/New_York'. This is compatible with most IDs from TimeZone.
  
  Parameters:
  
  zoneId - the time-zone ID, not null
  
  Returns:
  
  the zone ID, not null
  
  Throws:
  
  DateTimeException - if the zone ID has an invalid format
  
  ZoneRulesException - if the zone ID is a region ID that cannot be found
- ofOffset
  
  public static ZoneId ofOffset(String prefix, ZoneOffset offset)
  
  Obtains an instance of ZoneId wrapping an offset.
  If the prefix is "GMT", "UTC", or "UT" a ZoneId with the prefix and the non-zero offset is returned. If the prefix is empty "" the ZoneOffset is returned.
  
  Parameters:
  
  prefix - the time-zone ID, not null
  
  offset - the offset, not null
  
  Returns:
  
  the zone ID, not null
  
  Throws:
  
  IllegalArgumentException - if the prefix is not one of "GMT", "UTC", or "UT", or ""
- from
  
  public static ZoneId from(TemporalAccessor temporal)
  
  Obtains an instance of ZoneId from a temporal object.
  This obtains a zone based on the specified temporal. A TemporalAccessor represents an arbitrary set of date and time information, which this factory converts to an instance of ZoneId.
  A TemporalAccessor represents some form of date and time information. This factory converts the arbitrary temporal object to an instance of ZoneId.
  The conversion will try to obtain the zone in a way that favours region-based zones over offset-based zones using TemporalQueries.zone().
  This method matches the signature of the functional interface TemporalQuery allowing it to be used as a query via method reference, ZoneId::from.
  
  Parameters:
  
  temporal - the temporal object to convert, not null
  
  Returns:
  
  the zone ID, not null
  
  Throws:
  
  DateTimeException - if unable to convert to a ZoneId
- getId
  
  public abstract String getId()
  
  Gets the unique time-zone ID.
  This ID uniquely defines this object. The format of an offset based ID is defined by ZoneOffset.getId().
  
  Returns:
  
  the time-zone unique ID, not null
- getDisplayName
  
  public String getDisplayName(TextStyle style, Locale locale)
  
  Gets the textual representation of the zone, such as 'British Time' or '+02:00'.
  This returns the textual name used to identify the time-zone ID, suitable for presentation to the user. The parameters control the style of the returned text and the locale.
  If no textual mapping is found then the full ID is returned.
  
  Parameters:
  
  style - the length of the text required, not null
  
  locale - the locale to use, not null
  
  Returns:
  
  the text value of the zone, not null
- getRules
  
  public abstract ZoneRules getRules()
  
  Gets the time-zone rules for this ID allowing calculations to be performed.
  The rules provide the functionality associated with a time-zone, such as finding the offset for a given instant or local date-time.
  A time-zone can be invalid if it is deserialized in a Java Runtime which does not have the same rules loaded as the Java Runtime that stored it. In this case, calling this method will throw a ZoneRulesException.
  The rules are supplied by ZoneRulesProvider. An advanced provider may support dynamic updates to the rules without restarting the Java Runtime. If so, then the result of this method may change over time. Each individual call will be still remain thread-safe.
  ZoneOffset will always return a set of rules where the offset never changes.
  
  Returns:
  
  the rules, not null
  
  Throws:
  
  ZoneRulesException - if no rules are available for this ID
- normalized
  
  public ZoneId normalized()
  
  Normalizes the time-zone ID, returning a ZoneOffset where possible.
  The returns a normalized ZoneId that can be used in place of this ID. The result will have ZoneRules equivalent to those returned by this object, however the ID returned by getId() may be different.
  The normalization checks if the rules of this ZoneId have a fixed offset. If they do, then the ZoneOffset equal to that offset is returned. Otherwise this is returned.
  
  Returns:
  
  the time-zone unique ID, not null
- equals
  public boolean equals(Object obj)
  
  Checks if this time-zone ID is equal to another time-zone ID.
  The comparison is based on the ID.
  
  Overrides:
  
  equals in class Object
  
  Parameters:
  
  obj - the object to check, null returns false
  
  Returns:
  
  true if this is equal to the other time-zone ID
  
  See Also:
  
  Object.hashCode()
  
  HashMap
- hashCode
  public int hashCode()
  
  A hash code for this time-zone ID.
  
  Overrides:
  
  hashCode in class Object
  
  Returns:
  
  a suitable hash code
  
  See Also:
  
  Object.equals(java.lang.Object)
  
  System.identityHashCode(java.lang.Object)
- toString
  
  public String toString()
  
  Outputs this zone as a String, using the ID.
  
  Overrides:
  
  toString in class Object
  
  Returns:
  
  a string representation of this time-zone ID, not null

Class ZoneId

Time-zone IDs

Serialization

Field Summary

Method Summary

Methods declared in class java.lang.Object

Field Details

SHORT_IDS

Method Details

systemDefault

getAvailableZoneIds

of

of

ofOffset

from

getId

getDisplayName

getRules

normalized

equals

hashCode

toString