Module java.base
Package javax.net.ssl

Class SSLSocket

java.lang.Object
java.net.Socket
javax.net.ssl.SSLSocket
All Implemented Interfaces:
Closeable, AutoCloseable
public abstract class SSLSocket extends Socket
This class extends Socket and provides secure sockets using protocols such as the "Secure Sockets Layer" (SSL) or IETF "Transport Layer Security" (TLS) protocols.

Such sockets are normal stream sockets, but they add a layer of security protections over the underlying network transport protocol, such as TCP. Those protections include:

  • Integrity Protection. SSL protects against modification of messages by an active wiretapper.
  • Authentication. In most modes, SSL provides peer authentication. Servers are usually authenticated, and clients may be authenticated as requested by servers.
  • Confidentiality (Privacy Protection). In most modes, SSL encrypts data being sent between client and server. This protects the confidentiality of data, so that passive wiretappers won't see sensitive data such as financial information or personal information of many kinds.

These kinds of protection are specified by a "cipher suite", which is a combination of cryptographic algorithms used by a given SSL connection. During the negotiation process, the two endpoints must agree on a ciphersuite that is available in both environments. If there is no such suite in common, no SSL connection can be established, and no data can be exchanged.

The cipher suite used is established by a negotiation process called "handshaking". The goal of this process is to create or rejoin a "session", which may protect many connections over time. After handshaking has completed, you can access session attributes by using the getSession method. The initial handshake on this connection can be initiated in one of three ways:

  • calling startHandshake which explicitly begins handshakes, or
  • any attempt to read or write application data on this socket causes an implicit handshake, or
  • a call to getSession tries to set up a session if there is no currently valid session, and an implicit handshake is done.

If handshaking fails for any reason, the SSLSocket is closed, and no further communications can be done.

There are two groups of cipher suites which you will need to know about when managing cipher suites:

  • Supported cipher suites: all the suites which are supported by the SSL implementation. This list is reported using getSupportedCipherSuites.
  • Enabled cipher suites, which may be fewer than the full set of supported suites. This group is set using the setEnabledCipherSuites method, and queried using the getEnabledCipherSuites method. Initially, a default set of cipher suites will be enabled on a new socket that represents the minimum suggested configuration.

Implementation defaults require that only cipher suites which authenticate servers and provide confidentiality be enabled by default. Only if both sides explicitly agree to unauthenticated and/or non-private (unencrypted) communications will such a ciphersuite be selected.

When an SSLSocket is first created, no handshaking is done so that applications may first set their communication preferences: what cipher suites to use, whether the socket should be in client or server mode, etc. However, security is always provided by the time that application data is sent over the connection.

You may register to receive event notification of handshake completion. This involves the use of two additional classes. HandshakeCompletedEvent objects are passed to HandshakeCompletedListener instances, which are registered by users of this API. An SSLSocket is created by SSLSocketFactory, or by accepting a connection from a SSLServerSocket.

A SSL socket must choose to operate in the client or server mode. This will determine who begins the handshaking process, as well as which messages should be sent by each party. Each connection must have one client and one server, or handshaking will not progress properly. Once the initial handshaking has started, a socket can not switch between client and server modes, even when performing renegotiations.

The ApplicationProtocol String values returned by the methods in this class are in the network byte representation sent by the peer. The bytes could be directly compared, or converted to its Unicode String format for comparison. 

     String networkString = sslSocket.getHandshakeApplicationProtocol();
     byte[] bytes = networkString.getBytes(StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1);

     //
     // Match using bytes:
     //
     //   "http/1.1"                       (7-bit ASCII values same in UTF-8)
     //   MEETEI MAYEK LETTERS "HUK UN I"  (Unicode 0xabcd->0xabcf)
     //
     String HTTP1_1 = "http/1.1";
     byte[] HTTP1_1_BYTES = HTTP1_1.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);

     byte[] HUK_UN_I_BYTES = new byte[] {
         (byte) 0xab, (byte) 0xcd,
         (byte) 0xab, (byte) 0xce,
         (byte) 0xab, (byte) 0xcf};

     if ((Arrays.compare(bytes, HTTP1_1_BYTES) == 0 )
             || Arrays.compare(bytes, HUK_UN_I_BYTES) == 0) {
        ...
     }

     //
     // Alternatively match using string.equals() if we know the ALPN value
     // was encoded from a String using a certain character set,
     // for example UTF-8.  The ALPN value must first be properly
     // decoded to a Unicode String before use.
     //
     String unicodeString = new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
     if (unicodeString.equals(HTTP1_1)
             || unicodeString.equals("\uabcd\uabce\uabcf")) {
         ...
     }
API Note:
When the connection is no longer needed, the client and server applications should each close both sides of their respective connection. This can be done either in one shot by calling Socket.close(), or by closing each side individually using Socket.shutdownOutput() / Socket.shutdownInput() which is useful for protocol versions that can support half-closed connections.

Note that in some cases, closing the input stream may depend on the peer's output stream being closed first. If the connection is not closed in an orderly manner (for example Socket.shutdownInput() is called before the peer's write closure notification has been received), exceptions may be raised to indicate that an error has occurred.

Once an SSLSocket is closed, it is not reusable: a new SSLSocket must be created.

Since:
1.4
See Also: